PHYTOMETALLURGY OR THE TREASURE OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYTOCHEMISTRY
COMPLETE PRESENTATION AND SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL DATA ON THE TECHNOLOGIES OF (PHYTOREMEDUATION AND PHYTOMETALLURGY OF GOLD) ON THE MUSHROOMS INSTALLED IN FORMER GOLD MINES. STUDY OF MATHEMATICAL AND CHEMICAL FORMULA. PROFITABILITY AND ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY.
By Dr Stéphane D Ganay. Geological Engineer . Mineralogist / Micro'-mineralogy. Metallogeny of rare elements. Metalogeny of radionuclides. metallogenesis of ancient civilizations. Researcher in Major Risks. / ISBN 843359. - 0008. June 2023.
■ INTRODUCTION.
The Romans and the Greeks picked up roots on the banks of rivers, then rinsed them in water and recovered the gold that was there, an ancient and antediluvian gesture, which according to what we know could go back to the early ages of mankind.
The journey of gold in the tormented waters of torrents and rivers, which passes from a solid state to a chemical state in complex forms of gold chlorides, it is this story which since 20,000 will essentially forge myths, legends and the beginning of a consciousness, that of giving a mystical meaning, at the heart of ancient and ancient civilizations.
The gold that settles in the roots of trees to form gold nuggets by "feeding" is extraordinary, but it is nevertheless a reality.
The "phytometallurgy" or literally the production and storage of natural gold contained in water or soil, is a chemical phenomenon that has fascinated men for a very long time....
It is in mythology, no doubt this phenomenon that He is at the origin of the legend of the "Golden Fleece" long attached to the sun, it was also attached to the ram.
One can read considers that the image of the ram "which brings the sun", is that of the conquest of the sun, which means "to reach the beautiful season, to come out of the winter", then "to obtain fortune and/or hero status"
Why this sentence in the caption!?
Well the reason according to my interpretation would be related to the fact that the gold contained in the roots of the trees at the edge of the rivers in the high winter season is not accessible as long as the water level is high, it is thus what would it mean according to the writings (to reach the beautiful season, to come out of the winter", then "to obtain fortune and/or hero status" simply to wait for the water levels to drop to finally provide, harvest the gold and make fortune...
The Souda (tenth century) offers the first formal evidence of a mystical and alchemical interpretation of the myth of the Golden Fleece:
"The Golden Fleece was not what the fable says of it, but a book written on a skin that taught how to make gold by alchemy"
As for alchemy, it begins with those of the Gods and nature, whoever does not understand the meaning of it will never be able to access knowledge.
The Egyptians, Plato, or Euphedres understood the importance of this understanding, and the beginnings of alchemist work, which began nearly - 9000 years ago with the first and extraordinary Chalcolitic Goldsmiths in (Varna) on the banks of the black sea, shows man's interest in trying to understand the mysteries of the geochemistry of elements such as gold.
This Alchemy is already realized in nature, and we know today that the dreams of the alchemist come true already in the heart of nuclear reactors or under the fire of the "atom" certain lead elements are transformed into with transformation into gold....
It is in this same capacity that the first alchemists of the world were plants, fungi, and from the creation and the beginning of our planet 4.5 billion years ago.
.#=÷=÷=÷=÷=#.
■ FOREWORD.
There are a few species of fungi that are capable of accumulating gold from soil or water in their natural environment. For example, the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus niger has been studied for its ability to accumulate gold in its fungal cells. However, the amount of recoverable gold from these mushrooms is very low and the technology to extract gold from these mushrooms does not yet exist. As a result, gold mining from mushrooms is not a viable technology at present.
■ GOLD CHLORIDE AND POLYMETALLIC GOLD CHLORIDE COMPLEX IONS
First of all let's look at all the data representing the formation of acidic waters sought from gold chlorides, which could be the main transport to bring to the mycelium of the installations.
Gold chlorides can form naturally in gold mines due to the presence of salt in the surrounding rocks which dissolves in groundwater. When this groundwater containing chloride ions encounters gold, it can dissolve the gold and form gold chlorides
These gold chlorides are chemical compounds that contain gold and chloride ions (Cl-). The chemical formula of gold(I) chloride is AuCl and that of gold(III) chloride is AuCl3.
In gold mines, gold is often combined with other minerals in rocks that also contain salts such as sodium chloride (NaCl). When these rocks are exposed to groundwater, the salts they contain dissolve and can form solutions rich in chloride ions.
When these solutions encounter gold, they can dissolve the gold and form gold chlorides. This reaction can be represented by the following chemical equation:
Au(s) + 2Cl-(aq) --> AuCl2-(aq) + e-
This equation shows that solid gold (Au) is dissolved in the aqueous solution containing chloride ions (Cl-) to form gold(II) chloride ions (AuCl2-). During this process, an electron (e-) is also released.
▪︎- (gold chloride ions).
Gold chloride ions are chemical compounds that contain gold and chloride ions (Cl-). There are several chemical forms of gold chloride, each with specific physical and chemical properties.
1. Gold(I) chloride - AuCl
Gold(I) chloride is an inorganic compound that contains a gold atom and a chloride ion. It is also known as aurous chloride. Gold(I) chloride is usually prepared by dissolving metallic gold in concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). Its chemical formula is AuCl. It comes in the form of colorless or yellowish crystals and is soluble in water.
2. Gold(III) chloride - AuCl3
Gold(III) chloride is an inorganic compound that contains one gold atom and three chloride ions. It is also known as auric chloride. Gold(III) chloride is usually prepared by treating metallic gold with hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Its chemical formula is AuCl3. It comes in the form of orange-red crystals and is soluble in water.
3. Gold(II) chloride - AuCl2
Gold(II) chloride is an inorganic compound that contains one gold atom and two chloride ions. It is also known as aurite chloride. Gold(II) chloride can be prepared by treating a solution of gold(III) chloride with hydrochloric acid. Its chemical formula is AuCl2. It comes in the form of yellow crystals and is soluble in water.
4. Tetrachloroaurate - AuCl4-
Tetrachloroaurate is a complex ion that contains one gold atom and four chloride ions. It is formed when gold(III) chloride is treated with stannous chloride (SnCl2) or sodium chloride (NaCl). Its chemical formula is AuCl4-. It comes in the form of yellow crystals and is soluble in water.
Gold chloride ions are widely used in chemistry and metallurgy for the production of pure gold and other gold compounds. They are also used in catalysis, electrochemistry and spectroscopy. The different chemical forms of gold chloride have specific properties that make them useful for different applications.
■ PHYTOREMEDUATION.
Phytoremediation is a technique that uses plants to decontaminate soil and water contaminated with heavy metals and other pollutants. This technique can be used in abandoned mining sites to decontaminate soil and water contaminated with heavy metals such as gold.
Mycorrhizal fungi are fungi that live in symbiosis with plant roots and can help improve phytoremediation by increasing plants' ability to absorb heavy metals. Mycorrhizal fungi can help solubilize heavy metals in the soil and make them available to plants.
There are several techniques and technologies for phytoremediation in former gold mines. Here are some of the most common techniques:
1. Use of hyperaccumulator plants: Hyperaccumulator plants are plants that are able to absorb high amounts of heavy metals into their tissues. These plants can be used to decontaminate soil contaminated with heavy metals. Some of the most common hyperaccumulators are eagle fern, allspice, and tansy ragwort.
2. Use of mycorrhizal fungi: Mycorrhizal fungi can be added to soils to help plants absorb heavy metals. Mycorrhizal fungi can help solubilize heavy metals in the soil and make them available to plants.
3. Use of metal degrading bacteria: Certain bacteria can be used to degrade heavy metals in soil. These bacteria can break down heavy metals into less toxic compounds.
4. Use of biochar: Biochar is a product of the pyrolysis of biomass. It can be used to decontaminate soil contaminated with heavy metals. Biochar can adsorb heavy metals in the soil and make them unavailable to plants.
5. Use of phytohormones: Phytohormones are compounds that can be used to improve plant growth in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Phytohormones can help plants resist the negative effects of heavy metals on their growth.
■ PROFITABILITY.
The cost-effectiveness of these techniques will depend on various factors such as material cost, labor cost, site size and level of contamination. It is important to realize
It is important to carry out an economic feasibility study to determine the profitability of phytoremediation in former gold mines. This study should include an analysis of the costs and benefits associated with each phytoremediation technique used as well as an assessment of the probable duration of the remediation project.
■ MATHEMATICS AND FORMULAS.
The mathematical and chemical formulas, it will depend on the technique of phytoremediation used. For example, if hyperaccumulator plants are used, the chemical formulas and equations involved in the heavy metal uptake process can be studied. Similarly, if metal-degrading bacteria are used, the chemical equations involved in the degradation process can be studied.
▪︎- ( A ) - Simplifying chemical equations involved in phytoremediation of soils contaminated with heavy metals or gold, using hyperaccumulating plants as a technique
1. Equation of cadmium fixation by the roots of a hyperaccumulating plant:
Cd²⁺ + 2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cd + H₂
2. Cadmium transport equation in the hyperaccumulating plant:
Cd ions → roots → xylem → aerial part of the plant
3. Equation of cadmium sequestration in the tissues of the hyperaccumulating plant:
Cd ions → Cd salts → vacuoles
4. Equation of the distribution of cadmium in the different tissues of the hyperaccumulating plant:
Cd ions → roots → leaves → stems → seeds
▪︎- ( B ) - Complex Equations. example of a mathematical equation that can be used to model the phytoremediation of soils contaminated by heavy metals or gold, using hyperaccumulating plants as a technique:
C = (Cd * V * Df) / (A * W * Rf)
Or :
- C is the concentration of cadmium in the roots of the hyperaccumulating plant (in mg/kg). - Cd is the concentration of cadmium in the contaminated soil (in mg/kg). - V is the volume of contaminated soil (in m³). - Df is the cadmium distribution coefficient between the soil and the hyperaccumulating plant. - A is the area of the phytoremediation area (in m²). - W is the biomass of the hyperaccumulating plant (in kg). - Rf is the cadmium transfer rate from the roots to the aerial parts of the hyperaccumulating plant.
This equation makes it possible to model the concentration of cadmium, for example gold, in the roots of the hyperaccumulating plant as a function of the concentration of cadmium in the contaminated soil, the volume of the contaminated soil, the surface of the phytoremediation zone, the biomass of the hyperaccumulating plant and the rate of cadmium transfer from the roots to the aerial parts of the plant.
In addition to these mathematical models, it is also important to take into account the physical, chemical and biological factors that can influence phytoremediation, such as soil texture, pH, temperature, nutrient availability, presence of microorganisms and the genetic variability of hyperaccumulator plants.
■ KINETIC EQUOITION MODEL.
kinetic equation (Langmuir or Freundlich).
The process of attaching gold particles to plants and fungi in mine galleries can be modeled in different ways, depending on the relevant assumptions and variables. Here is one possible approach:
It can be considered that the fixation of gold particles on plants and fungi depends on several factors, such as the concentration of gold particles in the air and in the soil, the surface and the morphology of the roots of the plants and fungal filaments, the presence of other compounds in the soil that can promote or inhibit fixation, etc.
It is therefore possible to define a fixation equation which links the quantity of gold particles fixed on a given plant or fungus to these various factors. This equation can take the form of a kinetic equation of the Langmuir or Freundlich type, which are models commonly used to describe the adsorption of solutes on surfaces.
By using these models, we can estimate the fixing capacity of each plant or fungus according to its surface and its physico-chemical properties, as well as the concentration of gold particles in the environment. One can also evaluate the effect of different parameters, such as temperature, soil pH, the presence of other ions or molecules in the soil, etc.
It is important to note that modeling the attachment of gold particles to plants and fungi is an active area of research, and that there are still many uncertainties and variations between species and environmental conditions. Further research and modeling work will therefore be necessary to refine these models and improve our understanding of this phenomenon.
▪︎- ( C ) - Langmuir's equation is often used to model the adsorption of solutes on surfaces, including the attachment of gold particles to plants and fungi in mine galleries. It takes the following form:
q = (q_max * C) / (1 + K * C)
Or : - q is the quantity of gold particles attached to the surface of the plant or fungus, in mg/g. - q_max is the maximum binding capacity of the surface, in mg/g. - C is the concentration of gold particles in the soil or air, in mg/L. - K is Langmuir's equilibrium constant, which represents the affinity of the surface for gold particles, in L/mg.
Langmuir's equation assumes that the fixation of gold particles on the surface is reversible and obeys an equilibrium (thermodynamics) between the gold particles in solution and those fixed on the surface.
It also implies that the surface is homogeneous and does not present preferential binding sites.
In practice, the values of q_max and K can be determined experimentally by measuring the amount of gold particles attached to the surface for different concentrations in solution. These parameters can then be used to predict the amount of bound gold particles for other concentrations in solution.
It is important to note that the Langmuir equation is a simplified model that does not take into account certain factors that can influence the attachment of gold particles to plants and fungi, such as competition with other ions or molecules present in the soil. Other more complex models can be used to account for these factors if necessary.
Langmuir's equation is a simple model that does not take into account certain factors that can influence the fixation of gold particles on plants and fungi in the mine gallery.
▪︎- ( D ) - To account for these factors, more complex models can be used, such as the Freundlich equation.
The Freundlich equation is a generalization of the Langmuir equation which takes into account the non-homogeneity of the surface and the presence of preferential binding sites. It is often used to model the adsorption of solutes on heterogeneous surfaces, including the attachment of gold particles to plants and fungi.
Freundlich's equation takes the following form:
q = K_f * C^n
Or : - q is the quantity of gold particles attached to the surface of the plant or fungus, in mg/g. - C is the concentration of gold particles in the soil or air, in mg/L. - K_f is the Freundlich constant, which represents the binding capacity of the surface for gold particles, in mg/g/(mg/L)^(1/n). - n is an adsorption coefficient which reflects the strength of the interaction between the gold particles and the surface.
Freundlich's equation can be used to describe the attachment of gold particles to heterogeneous surfaces, such as plants and fungi in mine galleries. It can also be extended to take into account competition with other ions or molecules present in the soil.
It is important to note that the Freundlich equation is also a simplified model which does not take into account all the factors that can influence the attachment of gold particles to plants and fungi. More complex models can be used to account for these factors if needed.
■ LOR AND POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE IONS.
We know that gold can travel under a chemical solution in rivers, once the PH of the water changes the gold, can and be redeposited in the roots of trees to form by accumulations of gold nuggets,
We are going to see, what could be the relationship and the links, between the phytoremediation of the mines of exploitation of auriferous mushrooms and this extraordinary phenomenon that I was able to observe more than 30 years ago.
- ( E ) - ( PHYTOMETALLURGY ).
The phenomenon of the formation of gold nuggets in the roots of trees is known as "phytometallurgy" or "gold phytoremediation". This process involves the absorption of gold from the soil by the roots of plants, which then transport it to the aerial parts of the plant or store it in their roots.
Phytoremediation of gold mushroom mining can be considered a form of phytometallurgy, as it involves the use of plants or fungi to extract gold from the ground and concentrate it into their aerial parts or filaments . Fungi, in particular, have been identified as being able to fix and concentrate large amounts of gold in their filaments.
The phenomenon of transport of gold in rivers and its fixation in the roots of trees is linked to the chemistry of water and soil, as well as to the physiology of plants. Plants can take up gold in the form of water-soluble gold ions, which can be transported by water circulation in soil and rivers. Once the gold is taken up by the roots, it can be stored in the plant tissues or transported to the aerial parts.
The relationship between phytoremediation of gold fungus mining mines and the phenomenon of formation of gold nuggets in tree roots depends on many factors, such as soil gold concentration, soil pH and water content. water, nutrient content, diversity of plant and fungal species, etc. It is possible that these two phenomena are linked by similar mechanisms of transport and fixation of gold in the tissues of plants and fungi. However, further research is needed to better understand these links and the implications of gold phytoremediation for the formation of gold nuggets in nature.
■ EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGIES.
Phytoremediation is a constantly evolving technique and new technologies and techniques are regularly developed. It is therefore important to stay up to date on the latest advances in this field to be able to implement the most efficient and cost-effective technique for the decontamination of old gold mines.
In the popular mind, exploiting gold particles through cultures, especially mushrooms, can make people smile, all advanced techniques or technology are difficult for the general public to understand.
Just like in the 19th century or the beginning of the automobile, the birth of a new technological imprint always awakens disbelief and ignorance....
The evolution of phytoremediation, will be explored in the coming decades, also taking a very special look at the next Martian missions, because what will be done here in a specific area could also be a source of experience for the conquest planets for the 2nd century.
Dr Stephane D Ganay. Geological Engineer . Mineralogist / Micro'-mineralogy. Metallogeny of rare elements. Metalogeny of radionuclides. metallogenesis of ancient civilizations.
/ ISBN 843359. - 0008. June 2023.
